吉林省向日葵菌核病综合防治措施研究及大面积应用效果

在重茬4年的重病地块晚播(5月20日—25日)向日葵,其花腐型菌核病比正常播期(4月25日)减少90％以上,而产量提高13％—30％。在农村扩大示范,晚播(5月19日)减少病害59％—75％,产量提高35％。在盛花期—成熟期喷2—3次50％速克灵500倍液可大大减轻花腐型菌核病的发生(防治效果65.9％—92.3％)。经筛选以速克灵(0.5％)拌种防治根腐型菌核病效果最好,在温室中对土壤和种子中的病菌防治效果达83％以上,小区试验和农村示范防治效果达55.8％—100％。土壤中增施钾肥可提高植株抗病力,减轻发病。1990年在吉林省农安、长岭2县8533ha采用晚播、轮作2年以上、种子处理、增施钾肥、盛花期—成熟期喷药的一套综合防治措施,重点调查10块对比田,花腐型菌核病平均防治效果为87.62％(63.38％—100％),对根腐型菌核病防治效果平均为66.77％(50.0％—82.57％)。1991年在长岭、农安等6个主产区推广6.37万ha,重点调查134块对比田,花腐型菌核病防治效果平均为75.86％(46.37％—100％),根腐型菌核病平均防治效果为65.11％(33.33％—100％),增产增收显著。     

Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence

Trials were carried out to investigate the effects of light and temperature on germination of Rumex obtusifolius L. After several months of storage, seeds gradually lost dormancy and became photosensitive. Thermal optima for germination were between 20 °C and 25 °C in light or in darkness. At lower temperatures there was a greater demand for light, so that the greatest differences in germination percentage (between low and high temperatures) were found within the 10–15 °C temperature range. The calculated thermal minima ( x -intercept method) in light and darkness were 8.3 °C and 6.1 °C respectively. Daily temperature fluctuation increased germination even after seed irradiation with far-red light, suggesting a lower demand for the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome. Seed burial inhibited germination in proportion to depth; however, germination inhibition was independent of seed phytochrome photo-equilibrium, which had been diversified by seed pretreatment with light. Seedlings did not emerge when seeds were buried >8 cm deep. Recovery of ungerminated seeds showed that excessive burial did not impede seedling emergence but rather prevented seed germination. However, this induction of dormancy was lost once germination processes were activated (24–48 h at 20 °C) that made germination irreversible. Temperature was also involved in inhibition, and low temperature (<15 °C) induced the least inhibition. This is discussed in terms of processes of respiration and fermentation in buried seeds.     

Yield Structure of Winter Faba Beans Grown in Northern Germany in Dependence of Different Environments, Seed Rates, Sowing Rates and Genotypes

Two series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig-Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m²) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m²). Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m² (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m²) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m², tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m² in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m². Variation between 15–30 plants/m² due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m². The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m² differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m² were generally evident. Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established.     

播种量对秋播苜蓿越年草产量的影响

苜蓿播种量从10.0～45.0kg/hm~2设8个处理,研究不同播种量对越年草产量影响。结果表明:不同播种量对苜蓿越年草产量有显著影响,播种量10.0～35.0 kg/hm~2,苜蓿越年草产量随播种量增加而提高,播种量超过35.0 kg/hm~2,苜蓿越年草产量不再随播种量增加而提高;陕西关中农区苜蓿播种量控制在15.0～35.0 kg/hm~2,有利于提高其越年草产量。     

冀西北坝上高原冬麦春播产量影响因子研究

研究了播期、播量、土壤类型、品种等因素对春播条件下冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:小麦最适合播量为25万粒/667m2;其他因素产量效应的大小顺序为土壤类型>播期>品种,滩地产量显著高于砂地;随着播期的延迟,单位面积产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重降低;品种以弱冬性小麦豫麦13的产量最高。     

Effects of lodging of Echinochloa crus-galli L. on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951, a mycoherbicide using Drechslera monoceras (Drechsler) Subram. et Jain (= Exserohilum monoceras [Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs)

MTB-951 is a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ), which was isolated from native Echinochloa spp. in Japan. The conidia of this pathogen were used as the herbicidal active ingredient to control Echinochloa crus-galli L. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 on E. crus-galli was drastically increased with an increasing water depth of between 1 and 10 cm. The efficacy also was increased when shoots were lodged by pushing down on them with a stainless steel net so that all parts of the weed were submerged. These results suggest that the contact area of the leaf surface of E. crus-galli with water is important for infection and that lodging the shoots of E. crus-galli might be effective in increasing the herbicidal efficacy. In order to find other methods to lodge the weed, we investigated several materials, of which diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was found to be the most effective. Using this material as a model, the effect of lodging on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 was examined. The lodging ratio (ratio of the number of the plants lodged on the water surface to that of the total plants) was increased with an increased amount of DINP, between 0.5 and 8 kg ha⁻¹. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 also was increased by DINP and a positive correlation was observed between the lodging ratio and herbicidal efficacy. These results indicate that lodging, which can increase the contact area between the leaf surface and water, enhances the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951.     

皖西南地区春播牧草的适应性研究

对皖西南地区春播的9个牧草品种的适应性,草产量和营养成分进行分析,结果表明:墨西哥玉米、菊苣、杂交狼尾草、甜高粱产量高,干草产量和鲜草产量均在95 t/hm2和15 t/hm2以上,适应性强,品质优良,适合在皖西南地区大面积推广种植。苦荬菜和籽粒苋产量中等,蛋白质含量高达22%以上,青绿多汁,适口性好,可以做为优质牧草在皖西南地区大面积推广种植。饲用玉米、皖草2号、苏丹草产量较低,鲜草产量均在70 t/hm2以下,饲用玉米无再生性,皖草2号、苏丹草在高温条件下病虫害严重,种植时应该注意病虫害防治。     

不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响

从施肥技术和栽培措施两者相结合角度,通过大田试验对不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽能够促进烤烟生长发育,提高前期根系活力,增加根系一级侧根数目、根系干物质、烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片效、单株有效叶面积、地上部烟株干重和地上部干物质积累速率.与对照相比,壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽烟叶产量增加145.5 kg/hm2,产值增加2 130元/hm2,烟叶均价增加0.46元/kg;同时,烟碱和总氮含量比对照下降了0.41%,总糖含量提高了1.57%,总糖/蛋白质和氮/碱比更趋协调.     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.